This book covers general principles and methods that can be applied to accurately measure a wide range of exposures risk factors in epidemiology, including demographic, anthropometric, nutritional, medical, reproductive, genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors. Epidemiological studies measure characteristics of populations. Epidemiologic measurements used to describe disease. Once measured, the association between exposures and outcomes are then evaluated by. In this module we will learn about two fundamental concepts of epidemiology and the measurements used to describe these concepts numerically. Basic measurements in epidemiological research basic. Measures the occurrence of an event or disease in a given population during a given period one year. Basic epidemiology starts with a definition of epidemiology, introduces the history of modern epidemiology, and provides examples of the uses and applications of epidemiology. Measurement of exposure and disease are covered in chapter 2 and a summary of the different types of study designs and their strengths and limitations is provided in chapter 3. The two measures of association that we use most often are the relative risk, or risk ratio rr, and the odds ratio or. Define three mathematical terms applied to epidemiology and provide examples of each. Introduction to epidemiology outline two broad types of epidemiology. Introduction to measurement and statistics statistics can be fun or at least they dont need to be feared.
Basic measurements in epidemiology know public health. Among the most salient are to observe historical health trends to make useful projections into the future, discover diagnose current health and disease burden in a population, identify specific causes and risk factors of disease, differentiate between natural and intentional events eg, bioterrorism, describe the natural. Epidemiology studies the distribution of diseases in populations and factors related to them. It provides the background for interventions to reduce transmission of infecting organisms, reduce the number of healthcareassociated infections, and protect healthcare providers from infection. Is defined as study of distribution and determinants of various disease frequency. Basic epidemiology starts with a definition of epidemiology, introduces the history of modern epidemiology, and provides examples of the uses and applications of summary of the different types of study designs and their strengths and limitations scene for understanding basic concepts and available tools for analysing data and. Rate, ratio, proportion, measures of mortality, measures of morbidity. Studies will normally involve clinically based measurements of.
Epidemiologic measures basic epidemiologic measures used to quantify. Methods of measurements in epidemiologycall for a new. Since publication of the first edition in 1993, basic epidemiology has become a standard reference for education, training and research in the field of public health and has been translated into more than 25 languages. Basic statistics and epidemiology is a straightforward primer in basic statistics that emphasizes its practical use in epidemiology and public health, providing an understanding of essential topics such as study design, data analysis and statistical methods used in the execution of medical research assuming no prior knowledge, the clarity of the text and care of presentation ensure those new. Measurement of exposure and disease are covered in chapter 2 and a summary of the different types of study designs and their strengths and limitations is provided in. Find powerpoint presentations and slides using the power of, find free presentations research about epidemiology basic techniques incidence measure ppt. Interval scale data has order and a set interval celsius and fahrenheit temperatures anno domini years 1990, 1991, 1992, etc. These measures are called measures of disease frequency. Typically, the population is not observed, but we wish to make statements or inferences concerning it. Epidemiology basic techniques incidence measure ppt xpowerpoint.
Basic measures should be reported with 2 or 3 significant digit accuracy. An overview of measurements in epidemiology v3 2007. Populations can be thought of as existing or conceptual. Like the clinical findings and pathology, the epidemiology of a disease is an integral part of its basic description. Always worry about confounding in your research, especially at the designprotocol. Basic principles of epidemiology public health merck.
Death, disease, delivery, distribution, determinants, demographic variables and disability. Oct 06, 2012 basic concepts of modern epidemiology page 7 morbidity and mortality and try to gain insight into factors that increase or decrease morbidity and mortality in a community. It is designed for federal, state, and local government health professionals and private sector health professionals who are responsible for disease surveillance or investigation. Incidence rate, cumulative incidence rate, risk and their determinants. Main focus is given to types of data, measurement of central variations and basic tests, which are useful for analysis of different types of observations. Epidemiologythe study of the frequency, distribution, cause, and control of disease in populationsforms the basis of all healthrelated studies. Basic epidemiology, 2nd edition montefiore institute. The scope of measurements in epidemiology is very broad and unlimited and includes the following. Epidemiology is considered the basic science of public health, and with good reason. The study of the distribution and determinants of healthrelated states in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. Describe a public health problem in terms of magnitude, person, time, and place. The second edition of this popular textbook provides an introduction to the principles and methods of epidemiology. Basic measurements in epidemiology january 30, 2019 know public health diseases, epidemiology, info, public health 0 epidemiology focuses, among other things, on. Measuring disease occurrence morbidity and mortality.
Epidemiology is the basic science of public health. The term epidemiology can be best understood by examining the key words within its definition. Basic epidemiology pdf 226p this note covers the following topics. Among the most salient are to observe historical health trends to make useful projections into the future, discover diagnose current health and disease burden in a population, identify specific causes and risk factors of disease, differentiate between natural and intentional. This short book aims to provide an abc of the epidemiological approach, its terminology, and its methods. Jan 30, 2019 basic measurements in epidemiology january 30, 2019 know public health diseases, epidemiology, info, public health 0 epidemiology focuses, among other things, on the measurement of mortality. Method for measuring genetic variation in epidemiologya methods of measurement in epidemiology paper. The epidemiological idea of population is explicitly the foundation of the whole book. This article provides background information related to fundamental methods and techniques in biostatistics for the use of postgraduate students.
Counting of events and states, rate, proportion and ratio. A basic understanding of the practices of public health and. Professor, department of community medicine, vmchri, madurai 2. A population is the set of all measurements of interest to a researcher. Principles of exposure measurement in epidemiology. Epidemiology is about identifying associations between exposures and outcomes. Basic concepts of modern epidemiology page 7 morbidity and mortality and try to gain insight into factors that increase or decrease morbidity and mortality in a community. Often, individuals walk into their first statistics class experiencing emotions ranging from slight anxiety to borderline panic. Measurements are important in day to day life in relation to seven ds i. This course covers basic epidemiology principles, concepts, and procedures useful in the surveillance and investigation of healthrelated states or events.
Basic measurements in epidemiology linkedin slideshare. Measures of association tell us the strength of the association between two variables, such as an exposure and a disease. What is epidemiology, measuring health and disease, basic biostatistics. In most other books the population idea is implicit and in some it is neglected. An overview of measurements in epidemiology teachepi. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of the health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control of health problems. Page 2 principles of epidemiology introduction the word epidemiology comes from the greek words epi, meaning on or upon, demos, meaning people, and logos, meaning the study of. Measurement of the presence, absence or distribution of the characteristics or attributes of the disease. The parameter of interest may be a disease rate, the prevalence of an exposure, or more often some measure of the association between an exposure and disease. Measurements in epidemiology are no where nearly as precise as in the physical sciences, but many measurements used in epidemiology have a large enough number of possible values to be treated as if they were continuous e.
Epidemiology basic techniques incidence measure ppt. Incidence and prevalence basic measurements in epidemiology measure count expressed as a description e. Many definitions have been proposed, but the following definition captures the underlying principles and the. It has a time dimension, whereas a proportion does not. To identify any association, exposures and outcomes must first be measured in a quantitative manner.
The concepts are dominant whereas in other books the methods dominate. Identify key sources of data for epidemiologic purposes. Methods of measurements in epidemiologycall for a new type. Papers should be submitted in the normal way to the journal noting in the cover letter that they are a methods of measurements in epidemiology paper and using this term in the title e. Epidemiologic measurements used to describe disease occurrence. One fundamental method is the frequency distribution. Formulas from epidemiology kept simple 3e chapter 3. It is used widely for training public health and environment. Basic measurements in epidemiological research basic principles.
View and download powerpoint presentations on epidemiology basic techniques incidence measure ppt. Epidemiologic measures measures of disease frequency measures of association measures of effect. Epidemiology definition, functions, and characteristics 1 preface introductory epidemiology courses are often referred to as methods courses, and many students come to them hoping to learn the methods that have made epidemiology so important. Learning objectives at the end of this lecture you sh be able list the various tools used for measurement list the various measures of death list the various measures of disease 2. The subject has its special techniques of data collection and interpretation, and its necessary jargon for technical terms. It is the tendency of test measurement to center around the true value. Understanding epidemiology as a science focused on. Frequency measures used in epidemiology epidemiologists use a variety of methods to summarize data. Measurements of epidemiology incidence epidemiology. The concepts of epidemiology are discussed in detail, and in an integrated way. The accurate measurement of exposure to putative causes of disease is essential to the validity of epidemiologic research.
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